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 Advanced 20-Mark Series – Answer 3
Crisis of Legitimacy in Modern Governance

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Question

“Modern governance faces a growing crisis of legitimacy.” Critically analyse with reference to administrative expansion and democratic accountability.

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Advanced 20-Mark Model Answer

Legitimacy in governance refers to the acceptance of authority as rightful and justified by the citizens. In democratic systems, legitimacy derives from constitutionalism, public participation, rule of law, and accountability mechanisms.

However, the expansion of the administrative state, increasing reliance on technocratic decision-making, and growth of regulatory bodies have altered traditional democratic structures. Delegated legislation and executive discretion often operate beyond direct electoral scrutiny, creating perceived accountability gaps.

Globalization, digital surveillance, economic inequality, and declining public trust further intensify legitimacy concerns. When administrative efficiency is prioritized over participatory processes, citizens may perceive governance as distant or unresponsive.

In India, debates surrounding institutional independence, data governance, and regulatory oversight reflect evolving legitimacy challenges. Transparency initiatives such as RTI, digital grievance platforms, and social audits attempt to restore public trust.

Theoretical perspectives from Weber emphasize rational-legal legitimacy, while Waldo underscores democratic values and normative accountability.

Thus, the crisis of legitimacy arises not from administrative expansion alone but from insufficient integration of efficiency with democratic accountability. Sustainable governance requires institutional transparency, ethical leadership, and citizen engagement.

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Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Legitimacy + Accountability + Administrative Expansion = 18+/20 Potential