📘 Model Answer 2
Herbert Simon – Bounded Rationality
Question
Model Answer (250 Words)
Herbert Simon revolutionized administrative theory by challenging the classical “principles of administration” and introducing the concept of bounded rationality. Unlike classical theorists who emphasized universal administrative principles, Simon argued that decision-making lies at the heart of administration.
According to Simon, administrators operate under conditions of limited information, time constraints, and cognitive limitations. Therefore, they do not pursue perfect rationality but instead adopt “bounded rationality.” Instead of maximizing outcomes, they “satisfice” — choosing solutions that are satisfactory rather than optimal.
This approach replaced vague and sometimes contradictory principles like unity of command and span of control with a scientific decision-making framework. Simon emphasized empirical analysis, fact-value separation, and logical evaluation of alternatives.
However, critics such as Dwight Waldo argued that Simon’s attempt to make administration value-neutral ignored its inherently normative and democratic dimensions. Administrative decisions inevitably involve value judgments and public interest considerations.
Despite criticism, bounded rationality remains highly relevant in contemporary governance, especially in complex policy environments. Modern administrative systems, including Indian public policy processes, reflect Simon’s insights through incremental decision-making and pragmatic problem-solving.
Thus, while Simon did not completely eliminate classical principles, he fundamentally reshaped administrative thought by placing rational decision-making at its core.
Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Decision-Making Focus + Critique + Application = 15–18/20 Potential
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