ENVIRONMENTALISM – Ecology, Justice & Sustainable Politics
From Industrial Growth to Ecological Responsibility
1️⃣ WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTALISM?
Environmentalism is a political ideology that argues for protection of nature, sustainable development, and ecological balance against reckless industrialization.
Core Concern → Survival of planet + justice for future generations.
2️⃣ WHY DID IT EMERGE?
- Industrial Revolution pollution
- Climate change crisis
- Resource depletion
- Ecological disasters
3️⃣ CORE PRINCIPLES
- Sustainability
- Intergenerational justice
- Precautionary principle
- Limits to growth
- Ecocentrism vs Anthropocentrism debate
4️⃣ KEY THINKERS
Arne Naess – Deep Ecology
Murray Bookchin – Social Ecology
Rachel Carson – Environmental awareness (Silent Spring)
5️⃣ TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTALISM
- Liberal Environmentalism – Green capitalism
- Radical Environmentalism – System change
- Eco-socialism – Marx + Ecology
- Eco-feminism – Women & nature link
6️⃣ ENVIRONMENTALISM & JUSTICE
- Climate justice
- North vs South responsibility
- Polluter pays principle
- Sustainable development
7️⃣ ENVIRONMENTALISM IN INDIA
- Chipko Movement
- Narmada Bachao Andolan
- Article 48A (DPSP)
- Right to clean environment (Article 21 interpretation)
📝 UPSC MAINS QUESTIONS
- Discuss deep ecology and its relevance.
- Is environmentalism compatible with capitalism?
- Explain climate justice from Global South perspective.
- Critically evaluate sustainable development.
📌 QUICK REVISION MAP
- Problem → Ecological crisis
- Debate → Growth vs Sustainability
- Justice → Future generations
- Global politics → Climate negotiations
Environmentalism expands politics from humans to the planet itself.
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