PSIR PAPER I – 50 PYQ STRUCTURED ANSWER BANK
PART 4 (Questions 16–20)
PYQ 16
Examine Rawls’ theory of Justice as Fairness.
🔹 Introduction
John Rawls redefined liberal justice through fairness, equality and rational choice behind a “veil of ignorance.”
🔹 Core Principles
- Original Position.
- Veil of Ignorance.
- Two Principles of Justice.
- Difference Principle.
🔹 Critique
- Nozick: Violates entitlement theory.
- Communitarians: Overly abstract individualism.
- Marxists: Ignores structural exploitation.
🔹 Conclusion
Rawls remains central to contemporary distributive justice debates.
PYQ 17
Discuss Nozick’s Libertarian critique of Rawls.
🔹 Introduction
Robert Nozick rejected patterned redistribution and defended minimal state.
🔹 Core Argument
- Entitlement theory.
- Justice in acquisition, transfer, rectification.
- Minimal state justified.
🔹 Evaluation
Nozick emphasizes liberty over equality, challenging welfare liberalism.
🔹 Conclusion
The Rawls–Nozick debate defines modern political philosophy.
PYQ 18
Analyze Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony.
🔹 Introduction
Antonio Gramsci expanded Marxism by introducing cultural and ideological dominance.
🔹 Core Argument
- Dominance through consent.
- Role of civil society.
- Organic intellectuals.
🔹 Significance
Explains how ruling classes maintain legitimacy without overt coercion.
🔹 Conclusion
Hegemony remains crucial for understanding modern power structures.
PYQ 19
Evaluate Foucault’s idea of Power.
🔹 Introduction
Michel Foucault conceptualized power as diffuse and embedded in discourse.
🔹 Core Argument
- Power-knowledge nexus.
- Disciplinary power.
- Biopolitics.
🔹 Criticism
- Lacks normative framework.
- Undermines agency.
🔹 Conclusion
Foucault transforms understanding of modern governance and surveillance.
PYQ 20
Is Liberalism compatible with Multiculturalism?
🔹 Introduction
The debate centers on individual rights versus group recognition.
🔹 Core Discussion
- Liberal neutrality.
- Charles Taylor: Politics of recognition.
- Will Kymlicka: Group-differentiated rights.
🔹 Evaluation
Modern liberalism increasingly accommodates cultural diversity.
🔹 Conclusion
Compatibility depends on balancing autonomy with identity.
Shaktimatha Learning – PSIR Structured PYQ Answer Bank
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