📘 Public Administration – Paper II
Evolution of Indian Administration
1️⃣ Ancient Administration
- Based on monarchy with centralized authority
- Detailed administrative structure in Arthashastra
- Emphasis on taxation, espionage, law and order
- Village administration played key role
Key Feature: Strong central authority with local supervision.
2️⃣ Mughal Administration
- Highly centralized imperial system
- Revenue system under Todar Mal
- Mansabdari system for civil and military services
- Provincial administration under Subahdars
Key Feature: Military-bureaucratic centralized governance.
3️⃣ British Administration
- Introduction of modern bureaucracy
- Indian Civil Services (ICS)
- Centralized but rule-based administration
- Revenue collection and law & order focus
- District Collector as key institution
Impact: Strong institutional legacy continued after independence.
4️⃣ Post-Independence Administration
- Adoption of Parliamentary democracy
- Constitutional governance framework
- All India Services retained
- Shift from regulatory to developmental administration
- Expansion of welfare state functions
Transformation: From colonial control to developmental governance.
5️⃣ Continuity and Change
- Continuity: District administration, bureaucracy, centralized structure
- Change: Democratic accountability, decentralization, welfare orientation
- Emergence of local governance (Panchayati Raj)
- Administrative reforms and transparency measures
UPSC Focus Line: Indian administration reflects colonial continuity with democratic transformation.
Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Understand the Roots → Analyse the Present → Write Confidently
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