📘 Evolution of Public Administration
1️⃣ Politics–Administration Dichotomy
Proposed by Woodrow Wilson, this phase emphasized separation between politics (policy-making) and administration (policy execution).
Focus: Efficiency, neutrality, professionalism
2️⃣ Principles of Administration
Associated with Henri Fayol, Gulick and Urwick. Administration was seen as a science with universal principles.
Key Concept: POSDCORB – Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting
3️⃣ Human Relations Approach
Developed after the Hawthorne Experiments by Elton Mayo. Emphasized human behavior, motivation, and morale.
- Informal groups
- Worker satisfaction
- Social needs
4️⃣ Behavioural Approach
Led by Herbert Simon, this approach criticized mechanical principles and focused on decision-making.
Key Idea: Bounded rationality
5️⃣ Systems & Ecological Approach
Chester Barnard viewed administration as a system, while Fred W. Riggs emphasized the interaction between administration and society.
- Open systems
- Environment–administration linkage
- Prismatic society (Riggs)
6️⃣ New Trends in Public Administration
- New Public Administration (NPA): Social equity, values
- New Public Management (NPM): Efficiency, market tools
- New Public Service (NPS): Citizen-centric governance
Prepared for UPSC Aspirants by Shaktimatha Learning
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