📘 Public Administration – Paper II
Rural Development & Panchayati Raj
1️⃣ Rural Development – Meaning & Objectives
- Improvement of economic and social conditions in rural areas
- Poverty alleviation and employment generation
- Infrastructure development
- Social justice and empowerment
UPSC Focus: Shift from welfare to participatory development.
2️⃣ 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992)
- Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
- Three-tier structure: Village, Block, District
- Reservation for women and SC/ST
- State Finance Commission
- Eleventh Schedule (29 subjects)
Significance: Institutionalized decentralization.
3️⃣ Structure of Panchayati Raj
- Gram Panchayat (Village Level)
- Panchayat Samiti (Block Level)
- Zila Parishad (District Level)
Principle: Democratic decentralization.
4️⃣ Role in Development
- Implementation of rural schemes (MGNREGA, PMAY, etc.)
- Local planning and resource allocation
- Community participation
- Social audit mechanisms
Shift: From top-down to bottom-up planning.
5️⃣ Challenges
- Financial dependence on state government
- Capacity constraints
- Political interference
- Elite capture
UPSC Focus Line: Effective rural development depends on empowered and accountable local governance.
Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Decentralization → Participation → Grassroots Democracy
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