📘 Public Administration – Paper II
Union Government & Central Administration
1️⃣ President of India
- Constitutional Head of the Union
- Acts on advice of Council of Ministers
- Executive powers under Article 53
- Appoints Prime Minister and other officials
Administrative Role: Formal head; real powers exercised through Council of Ministers.
2️⃣ Prime Minister
- Real executive authority
- Head of Council of Ministers
- Coordinates ministries and departments
- Chief policy-maker
Key Feature: Central pivot of Indian administration.
3️⃣ Council of Ministers
- Collective responsibility to Lok Sabha
- Cabinet, Ministers of State, Deputy Ministers
- Policy formulation and decision-making
Principle: Political control over permanent civil services.
4️⃣ Cabinet Secretariat
- Assists Cabinet in decision-making
- Coordinates between ministries
- Headed by Cabinet Secretary
Importance: Ensures inter-ministerial coordination.
5️⃣ Central Secretariat
- Policy-making body of Government of India
- Headed by Secretaries to Government
- Advises ministers on policy matters
- Responsible for drafting legislation and rules
Structure: Ministry → Department → Division → Section
6️⃣ Ministries & Departments
- Each ministry headed by a Minister
- Secretary is administrative head
- Executive agencies implement policies
- Attached and subordinate offices support ministries
UPSC Focus Line: Indian Union administration combines political leadership with permanent civil services.
Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Political Executive + Permanent Executive = Effective Governance
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